PDS_VERSION_ID = PDS3 RECORD_TYPE = STREAM OBJECT = TEXT PUBLICATION_DATE = 2005-06-10 INTERCHANGE_FORMAT = ASCII NOTE = "Description file referenced by HRSC RDR JP2 PDS labels" END_OBJECT = TEXT END JPEG2000 Standard - RDR image data are stored in the JPEG2000 ISO/IEC Part 1 standard [1] format (http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/), which was accepted as a PDS Standard in October 2005 [2, Appendix I]. The JPEG2000 standard offers benefits with distinct advantages for storage of and access to very large images.Advantages include excellent compression performance, multiple resolution levels from a single image data set, progressive decompression quality layers, lossless and lossy compression HRSC RDR products use lossless compression per the PDS Standard), pixel datum precision up to 38 bits, multiple image components (or bands), and selective image area access. These features are achieved by the use of a sophisticated image coding system based on discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) combined with other coding techniques to generate a JPEG2000 codestream that can be rendered to image pixel rasters using inverse transform algorithms. The PDS Standard specifies that a JPEG2000 codestream will be stored in a "JP2" file as described by the JPEG2000 Part 1 standard [1, Appendix I]. This file format encapsulates one or more codestreams plus characterizing metadata in a contiguous sequence of binary data "boxes". The first two boxes of a JP2 file must be Signature and File Type specification boxes that uniquely identify the file as a JP2 file. This must be followed by a JP2 Header box that contains sub-boxes that characterize the Codestream box that follows with information such as the image dimensions, pixel datum precision, compression technique and color space mapping for image display purposes. The JP2 file may also contain additional boxes that contain UUID (universally unique identifier) signatures, URL (uniform resource locator) references, and XML (extended markup language) sequences that can be used as desired by the data provider. JPEG2000 Codestream - All of the information necessary to successfully decompress JPEG2000 image data are contained in the JPEG2000 Codestream box of the JP2 file. The flexibility of the format, however, allows for significant variability in how the codestream is structured which can have a significant impact on the performance of client software accessing the codestream during rendering operations. While the JPEG2000 standard supports an exceptionally efficient lossy image coding technique, to ensure the preservation of the science information of the image data the PDS requires that only lossless image compression be used. Therefore HRSC RDR image data are compressed using the JPEG2000 5-3 reversible transform. The JPEG2000 codestream may be partitioned into quality layers to enable rendering software to provide progressing quality displays. HRSC RDR image data are compressed with a single quality layer. Perhaps the most significant data structure decision is whether to organize the codestream into image area tiles. Some client software may render full resolution image data for a relatively small display area of a large image more quickly if the codestream is tiled; other client software may render low resolution image data for the entire image more quickly if the codestream is not tiled. The HRSC RDR image data are not tiled in the JPEG2000 codestream (the entire codestream is a single tile). To assist client software in locating selective sub-areas of the codestream called precincts, which contain codestream packets, HRSC RDR image data files include Packet Length Markers (PLT) in the JPEG2000 codestream. Another obvious data structure decision is the number of resolution levels to provide in the codestream. The DWT image coding technique naturally partitions the image information into powers of two resolution levels; i.e. starting with the full (1:1) resolution level the next resolution level will result in an image having dimensions half that of the full resolution image, and so forth for subsequent additional resolution levels. Image rendering proceeds from the lowest resolution level and incrementally adds image information from higher resolution levels; image data rendering may stop at any selected level to provide pixel rasters suitable for display. A maximum of 32 resolution levels are possible, but too many resolution levels can result in storage and rendering inefficiencies depending on the image dimensions. Therefore the number of resolution levels in HRSC JPEG2000 codestreams is determined dynamically such that the minimum dimension of the image at the lowest resolution is not less than 64. The order in which codestream information is stored may have some affect on software rendering performance, depending on the intended application. HRSC RDR codestreams are organized in resolution, position (image area), component (image band) and layer (quality) order. JPEG2000 Software - Part 5 of the JPEG2000 offers reference software implementations of the Part 1 core-coding standard. The JasPer Project provides a C language API and demonstration applications (http://www.ece.uvic.ca/~mdadams/jasper/). JJ2000 (http://jj2000.epfl.ch/) provides pure Java classes. Both of these implementations are employed in two J2K plugins for the Image I/O Tools from Sun Microsystems' Java Advanced imaging (JAI). (http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/imageio/) (http://java.sun.com/javase/technologies/desktop/media/jai/) Dr. David Taubman, one of the principle JPEG2000 standard developers, implemented the Kakadu software. Kakadu offers a full range of application utilities and highly optimized C++ classes (http://www.kakadusoftware.com/). The JP2_Info utility, in the Image_Tools package of the PIRL Java Packages (http://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/software/PIRL_Java_Packages.shtml) provides a detailed report on the contents of a JP2 file. References - 1. JPEG 2000 image coding system: Core coding system, ISO/IEC 15444-1 September 15, 2004 2. Planetary Data System Data Standards Reference, Version 3.7, JPL D-7669, Part 2, March 20, 2006,